Bulletin of L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University Technical Science and Technology Series

Evaluating the Seismic Response of CFS Strap-Braced Walls with Optimised Sections

2025-08-30T10:32:04+00:00

Cold-formed steel (CFS) profiles are widely used in light steel-framed buildings, particularly for low- to mid-rise construction, where CFS strap-braced frames serve as key lateral load-resisting systems. This research focuses on the seismic performance of strap-braced walls incorporating CFS members, with a particular emphasis on optimising stud elements to function efficiently as beam-columns. A typical cross-section, derived from commercially available profiles, is selected and refined to maximise structural capacity while adhering to industry standards and practical limitations. Finite element (FE) models are developed for two strap-braced wall frames, where the sections are used for both the studs and chords: one frame uses commercially available CFS sections, while the other employs optimised sections aimed at enhancing seismic performance. While conventional designs include gravity loads, they often overlook P-Δ effects; this study addresses that limitation by applying different axial compression levels to assess the impact of P-Δ effects on both developed models. The structural performance is evaluated based on lateral drift compliance and the avoidance of premature failure caused by P-Δ effects in the chord studs. The outcomes offer valuable insights for enhancing the seismic design of CFS structures, presenting a systematic optimisation strategy that improves ductility, reliability, and structural integrity under seismic loading.

Application of Lightweight Fiber-Reinforced Concrete for Shaft Lagging

2025-09-08T06:49:51+00:00

The article examines the possibility of using fiber-reinforced expanded clay concrete as a material for shaft lagging. The relevance of the topic is determined by the need to increase the strength, crack resistance, and durability of supports in underground mine workings. The aim of the study is to develop lightweight concrete on a porous aggregate with dispersed reinforcement, possessing optimal physical and mechanical properties for operation under mining conditions. The paper presents a comparative analysis of traditional and lightweight concrete mixes, justifies the choice of expanded clay as an aggregate, and fiber reinforcement for improving tensile strength in bending. The methodology includes laboratory tests of various compositions for strength, density, and water absorption. The main results showed that the introduction of fibers significantly improves crack resistance and strength of lagging without increasing the weight of the structure. The study confirmed the feasibility of using fiber-reinforced expanded clay concrete to ensure efficient and cost-effective support in mining conditions. The practical significance of the work lies in the possibility of introducing the developed compositions into the construction processes of the mining industry in order to extend the service life of structures and improve work safety.

Development of a Mobile Game for Teaching Traffic Rules

2025-06-13T18:31:17+00:00

The use of mobile games in the educational process can effectively combine situational and active learning with elements of entertainment. This research is devoted to the development of a mobile game using elements of augmented reality (AR) and gamification, to increase user engagement and improve their understanding of traffic rules.

As part of a systematic literature review, 435 papers published from 2020 to 2024 on the impact of mobile games on learning were analyzed and reviewed. The preliminary analysis of the literature suggests that the integration of game elements such as AR and animated instructors has the potential to increase user interest and information retention. This approach is expected to improve the quality of education in the field of road safety.

In conclusion, recommendations are included for future research aimed at optimizing educational mobile applications and introducing innovative technologies into the learning process. It is expected that this work will become the basis for further developments in the field of mobile learning and improving road safety.

Strength properties of saline soils of earthworks in conditions of flooding

2025-04-24T04:56:38+00:00

The article "Strength properties of saline soils of earthworks in conditions of flooding" examines the change in strength characteristics of soils subjected to salinization in conditions of partial or complete flooding. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that many regions face problems related to changes in the groundwater level, which negatively affects the stability of earthworks. The paper presents the results of experimental studies showing how the presence of salts in the soil affects its mechanical properties. Various types of salts and their concentrations are investigated, as well as the conditions under which the soil is most sensitive to changes in strength characteristics. In particular, special attention is paid to the interaction of salts with water and changes in the structure of the soil, which can lead to a decrease in the strength and stability of structures. Practical recommendations on the design and strengthening of earthworks on saline and flooded lands are also discussed. In conclusion, the need to take into account the strength properties of saline soils when planning construction works and creating flood protection systems is emphasized, which is important to ensure the strength and safety of infrastructure.

Exploring the benefits of blockchain in ensuring security, transparency, and efficiency

2025-08-26T10:49:23+00:00

In recent years, blockchain technology has attracted significant attention due to its capabilities in ensuring transparency, security, and efficiency of various processes. This paper explores the advantages of using blockchain in logistics, with a particular focus on increasing operational transparency, enhancing data security, and improving the overall efficiency of supply chain processes. The study analyzes the fundamental features of blockchain technology—such as decentralization, immutability of records, and the use of smart contracts—and how these attributes contribute to cost reduction and increased trust between stakeholders. Furthermore, the paper includes a comparative overview of international practices, assesses the current state of blockchain adoption in Kazakhstan’s digital economy, and highlights the main barriers to implementation, including scalability issues, integration challenges, and legal uncertainties. Recommendations are provided for future development, including regulatory frameworks, educational initiatives, and pilot project support. This review also identifies opportunities for further research, such as case studies and empirical evaluation of blockchain deployment in logistics.

Peculiarities of Adaptive Reconstruction of Buildings and Their Potential for New Functions (Using Religious Buildings and Structures as a Case Study)

2025-02-19T03:23:42+00:00

This article presents an analysis of the adaptive restructuring of religious buildings and structures, taking into account their new functional capabilities, with examples drawn from international experience. The main objective and concept of the study are focused on analyzing completed projects of the adaptation of religious buildings carried out by contemporary architects and engineers. The works and approaches discussed in this article can be utilized by architects, engineers, restorers, and urban planners when planning projects for the restoration, reconstruction, and repurposing of religious buildings and structures. The study includes examples of the adaptation of Christian church buildings in countries such as the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, France, the Netherlands, and others. The research demonstrates how historic buildings can be successfully adapted to meet contemporary needs while preserving their historical and cultural heritage, which is crucial for the sustainable development of cities. The adaptation of church spaces for new functions (such as museums, exhibition halls, concert halls, libraries, etc.) provides opportunities for social interaction, cultural exchange, and economic development. The study deepens the understanding of the transformation of sacred spaces and their integration into everyday life, thus expanding the boundaries of architectural theory.

Experimental study of brushless motors and MPU6050 using a PID controller

2025-03-12T07:27:13+00:00

This scientific article discusses aspects of the practical implementation of a PID controller based on the Atmega328 microcontroller. For its implementation, a single-axis experimental stand with the appropriate hardware was developed. A methodology for conducting experiments has been created, as well as an algorithm for the program using a PID controller. During the experiments, pulse width modulation (PWM) signals transmitted by the microcontroller to the motors were recorded for the first time, depending on the control signal generated by the PID controller. It was found that when the rod is deflected by -30 degrees, the right motor is activated with a PWM signal in the range of 1300...1500 microseconds. When tilted in the opposite direction, the signal on the other engine changes in a similar way, reaching values from 1300 to 1500 microseconds. The use of a PID controller ensured automatic alignment and maintenance of the rod at a set angle of 0 degrees, which contributed to the stabilization of the system when operating two brushless motors.

Modern approaches to studying human behavior in a critical situation: integration of 3D agents into virtual reality

2025-06-13T18:27:52+00:00

modern conditions, modeling human behavior in critical situations, such as fire, is becomingparticularly relevant to improve the safety and effectiveness of evacuation processes. The developmentof virtual reality (VR) technologies opens up new opportunities for research and analysis of suchsituations. The aim of the research is to develop a 3D simulation model of agents that allows analyzingtheir behavior in critical situations and predicting evacuation routes. The main areas of work includebuilding a mathematical model of agent movement, implementing evacuation algorithms in a virtualenvironment, and integrating the results into game engines for visualization and analysis. The scientificsignificance of the research lies in the development of algorithms that take into account the peculiaritiesof human interaction in complex architectural conditions and allow analyzing the behavior of agents invarious scenarios. The practical significance of the work lies in the fact that the created model can be used for staff training, testing evacuation plans and improving the design of buildings in terms of safety.The research methodology includes mathematical modeling of agent behavior, the use of optimizationalgorithms to calculate evacuation routes, as well as the integration of the model into a virtualenvironment using the Unreal Engine (UE). As a result of the research, an approach to modeling is proposed that allows predicting the movement of people in a fire, evaluating the effectiveness of evacuation routes and analyzing the influence of various factors on the evacuation process. The resultsobtained can be used in safety research, the development of simulators for emergency services and the improvement of architectural solutions.

Modern composite armor materials

2025-05-14T21:49:20+00:00

Currently, composite armored vehicles based on a ceramic layer, polymer and natural fibers are of great interest. This work is a review article and includes scientific works over the past 18 years. The aim of the work is to generalize literary data on research on the creation of armored vehicles. Camamosetosite armor based on various brands of Kevlar is a promising material. At the same time, natural materials in their ballistic properties are not inferior to polymeric materials. Widespread use in this field of research and nanomaterials. The use of carbon nanotubes that differ in unique strength properties can significantly reduce the mass of body armor. When using nanomaterials for body armor can reduce its thickness by 15-35 times. Promising are also multilayer metal armored vehicles obtained by explosion welding by explosion. Light metals as aluminum and titanium are used as metal materials. As a result of heat treatment in the structure of composite material, intermetallic layers of TiAl₃ with a thickness of 90-100 microns are formed. It is known that intermetallic compounds are characterized by high physical and mechanical properties. In this work, various composite materials are considered for anti-ocal resistance and resistance to high-speed impact.

Rebranding of the Eurasian nomadic civilization: the importance of the experience of historical nomadism in the context of climate change and aridization of the territories of Kazakhstan

2025-08-19T08:38:50+00:00

This article is introducing the ideas of implementing thousands of years old know-hows of the nomadic pastoralists of Kazakhstan to current ecological conditions and challenges of our region. The nomadic pastoralist lifestyle historically has developed in the conditions of arid and semi-arid regions of the Eurasian continent (Eurasian Steppe). This lifestyle was designed and perfected to deal with chronic seasonal droughts and shortages of water. It relied on moving large herds of livestock, mobile architecture and infrastructure, and nomadic technologies. In the modern era, when the cities are overcrowded, while the economy and food security rely mostly on agriculture, vast arid areas of land remain unused, producing zero value both for humanity and the planet Earth. These wastelands were once a thriving ecological system, where the nomadic pastoralism served as an engine for their sustainability. But, once the nomadism was uprooted from those areas, and the population was moved towards urban areas and an agriculture-based economy, they degraded into lifeless deserts. By using the 21^st century’s technologies, architecture, engineering, energy sources, and materials, it is possible to reintroduce the once-vital nomadic pastoral lifestyle into those empty wastelands, turning them once again into vibrant ecological regions.

Study of factors of sustainable development in cargo flows

2025-09-11T04:40:18+00:00

The article examines the relationship between the freight transportation industry in Kazakhstan and environmental sustainability and public health issues. It also discusses the need for sustainable development of the transport sector in the context of global climate change and environmental degradation.

The relevance of the study lies in identifying the main problems and opportunities for sustainable development of freight flows in Kazakhstan, offering practical solutions to improve the environmental situation and increase economic efficiency. The main focus is on reducing greenhouse gas emissions and minimizing environmental damage. The negative impact of vehicle emissions on the quality of air, water and soil, as well as their damage to ecosystems, is described. In addition, health risks such as respiratory diseases and cardiovascular disorders are described in detail.

The study uses various analytical methods, including statistical data analysis, comparative study of international experience, methods of environmental and economic modeling to assess the current situation and propose effective solutions.

The article provides practical recommendations aimed at improving the environmental and economic efficiency of freight transportation in Kazakhstan. International experience includes the European Union's Green Freight program in Europe and the introduction of electric vehicles in Germany and the Netherlands.

The study presents an evidence-based rationale for the need to develop effective strategies to address environmental threats in the transport sector and examines possible ways to address these issues through policy and practice in Kazakhstan.

Diagnostics of the technical condition of pumping equipment by thermal control method

2025-08-19T10:11:47+00:00

The article discusses methods for diagnosing the technical condition of pumping units using a thermal imager in the operating conditions of JSC NAC KazAtomprom. In the framework of this study, we used a sample of diagnostic information obtained by thermal imaging examination of SULZERcentrifugal pumping units subject to a technical condition assessment procedure. A technique for conducting thermal imaging diagnostics on existing equipment is described. To analyze the dataobtained, thermogram processing methods were used to identify areas of local overheating, indicatingpotential defects. The results of thermal imaging analysis of bearing assemblies of pumping units are presented. The conducted studies have made it possible to form basic diagnostic signs for assessing the technical condition based on thermal characteristics, which ensures the creation of a single diagnosticcriterion for assessing and predicting the condition of centrifugal pumping units.

The results obtained demonstrate the high efficiency of the thermal imaging method for earlydetection of malfunctions and assessment of the remaining life of the equipment. This, in turn, helps to improve the reliability of pumping units, reduce the risk of accidents and optimize maintenanceregulations. The presented methodology can be recommended for widespread implementation inenterprises with a similar type of equipment, as well as used in a technical condition monitoring systemwithin the framework of the predictive maintenance concept.

Analytical Approach to Calculating the Dynamic Characteristics and Flywheel of a Six-Link Crank Press Mechanism

2025-08-30T11:13:48+00:00

The paper presents a methodology for the dynamic design of a hybrid crank press based on the Stephenson six-link mechanism, which is widely used in modern servo presses. A detailed analysis is carried out on the motion nonuniformity coefficient, the characteristics of the disturbing torque, as well as the procedure for determining the flywheel’s moment of inertia and the average velocity under steady-state conditions. Special attention is given to studying the influence of the mass and geometry of the base link on the system's dynamic behavior. It is shown that, with a proper selection of these parameters, the base link can act as a built-in counterweight, significantly reducing rotational nonuniformity and dynamic errors of the mechanism. This, in turn, allows for a reduction in the required flywheel mass, which is especially important when designing energy-efficient machines. The study employs an analytical approach incorporating mathematical modeling and numerical analysis techniques. Algorithms for solving the system’s differential equations of motion are developed, and dynamic errors are evaluated. The derived formulas and numerical results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed methodology and demonstrate its practical applicability. The method is particularly useful for the preliminary design of presses, enabling consideration of energy and vibration-dynamic characteristics at early design stages. The results can be utilized in the development of intelligent drive systems for stamping equipment.

Enhancing Construction Site Safety Using Computer Vision and Drones

2025-09-06T11:32:48+00:00

Despite established requirements for the use of personal protective equipment (PPE), such as helmets and goggles, traditional methods of control at construction sites often fail to ensure the proper level of compliance with safety standards, resulting in increased injuries. The goal of the project is to develop an integrated system of face control, automatic verification of the presence of PPE, and alcohol level monitoring using computer vision technologies, machine learning, and drones. The system will perform face recognition, control the presence of helmets and glasses, as well as identify unsafe behavior and signs of alcohol intoxication, providing continuous monitoring of workers. It is expected that this will significantly improve the level of safety, reduce the number of accidents, and increase labor productivity. The development will be adaptable for various industries - from construction to mining and oil and gas. The project has high practical and socio-economic significance, contributes to the development of the scientific and technical potential of Kazakhstan, the creation of new jobs in the field of IT and automation, as well as strengthens the interaction between science and production.

Computational Fluid Dynamics Study and Experimental Verification of the Proposed Procedure for Luer Fitting to Catheter Shaft Attachment

2025-09-15T11:12:36+00:00

The objective of this study is to develop and design an efficient procedure for molding luer fittings and joining luer with an extruded catheter shaft. Unlike overmolding, this technology involves the process of injection molding the luer fittings separately from the catheter and their subsequent attachment to the extruded catheter shaft using adhesives and UV curing. The proposed methodology is empirically evaluated using an injection molding machine and manual assembly with an emphasis on evaluating the quality of the final product and manufacturing efficiency. As a result, unlike the traditional method of manufacturing fittings and connecting to catheters (via overmolding), luer fittings obtained using the proposed methodology have a low probability of short shots during the manufacturing process, do not compress the catheter lumen since they are not subject to shrinkage, and reduce labor costs by 4.9%, which makes this technology attractive. When designing the luer fitting, 3D modeling tools such as Solidworks were used, and calculations of the pressure and speed of the polymer melt inside the mold were analyzed using the finite element method in the Ansys Polyflow software. The absence of shrinkage, efficiency in labor costs, and compliance of the final product with the standards of ISO 10555-1 (2021) for intravascular catheters were experimentally verified.

On the mechanism of bainitic transformation and the quality of heat treatment in engineering steels with a bainitic structure

2025-09-26T04:38:27+00:00

Traditional approaches to analyzing bainitic structures often rely on outdated methods, which pose challenges for the accurate identification and quantitative characterization of the features of bainitic transformation. In recent years, therefore, high-resolution scanning electron microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) techniques have been increasingly employed to study bainite structures. These advanced methods enable precise characterization of various types of bainitic microstructures. This paper presents a brief review of recent studies on the mechanism of bainitic transformation, along with the authors’ own experimental findings from bainitic hardening of engineering steels. It is emphasized that, despite numerous investigations, the bainitic transformation mechanism remains a subject of ongoing debate. Unresolved issues include the transformation of the face-centered cubic (FCC) lattice into body-centered cubic (BCC), the role of carbon diffusion leading to its redistribution and the formation of carbon-supersaturated ferrite, as well as the processes of carbide precipitation.

Bainite provides a high level of mechanical performance in terms of strength, ductility, and toughness. Compared to pearlite, sorbite, and troostite, lower bainite exhibits higher hardness and strength while maintaining excellent ductility and toughness. These properties are attributed to the higher carbon content in ferrite, increased dislocation density in bainite, and the formation of fine carbide precipitates.

Evaluation of the Effect of a Modified Additive on the Physico-Mechanical Properties of Injection Grouts

2025-09-15T14:58:44+00:00

The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of a specially modified additive containing a paraffin component on the physico-mechanical properties of injection grouts used for deep soil cementation. Soil reinforcement by injection grouting is a widely applied technique in geotechnical engineering, particularly in conditions where conventional methods are limited due to high groundwater levels or unstable soils. Improving the performance characteristics of grouts can significantly enhance the reliability and durability of soil stabilization. In this research, a series of laboratory experiments was conducted to determine how different concentrations of the additive (ranging from 0.2% to 1.0% by weight) influence key parameters of the grout mixture, including workability, bleeding tendency, and strength development. The experimental results demonstrated that the introduction of the paraffin-based additive leads to increased workability of the grout mixture, which facilitates injection and improves penetration into fine soil pores. At the same time, bleeding was noticeably reduced, contributing to better homogeneity and stability of the hardened material. Mechanical strength measurements indicated a consistent improvement compared to control samples without the additive.

Detailed transport analysis and modelling focused on the key network of streets in Satpayev city

2025-09-06T11:19:02+00:00

The range of research of this paper is the central area of Satpayev city with a radius of around 150 hectares. The first problem was to define the possible effect of expanding Satpayev Avenue via Miners Square on the current transport network of the city. Based on the established traffic simulation software, researchers were able to model two different urban planning scenarios. These were then benchmarked against real traffic data that was recorded in the 80 intersections referred to as the key intersections in the city to measure the changes in the traffic performance. It was found that traffic in the evenings was extremely more delayed compared to the morning traffic; an average of about 20 percent more congestions. The avenue extension under consideration had a favorable influence on the state of the total traffic, providing significantly better travel times. In addition, the findings indicate that the extension would aid in relieving transit traffic out of residential areas, thereby enhancing the living conditions in those places. The analysis has affirmed that the suggested extension is likely to boost mobility, reduce congestions, and improve accessibility of emergency and municipal services.

Assessment of the impact of interval control systems on the inter-train interval

2025-07-10T11:26:51+00:00

Railway transport holds a significant place in the transportation system as a reliable and cost-effective means of passenger and freight transportation. In recent years, the increasing frequency of train movements and stricter safety requirements have necessitated the optimization of railway network capacity. To this end, modeling train interval control systems has become a key tool for ensuring movement efficiency and safety. This article explores effective methods for organizing train operations through the modeling of interval control systems. The train interval is the spatial or temporal distance between trains that ensures the safe and stable operation of the system. Accurate calculation of this interval and its comparison across various control systems (semi-automatic block, automatic block, and radio block) allow for the enhancement of railway line capacity. According to the calculations: In the semi-automatic block system, the interval is 660 seconds, and the capacity is 5.45 trains/hour; In the automatic block system, the interval is 120 seconds, with a capacity of 30 trains/hour; In the radio block system, the interval is 72 seconds, providing a capacity of 50 trains/hour. These results indicate that the radio block system is the most efficient for train traffic management, as it ensures the shortest interval and the highest throughput. The research findings can contribute to the digital transformation of railway transport, improving both safety and capacity.