Bulletin of L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University Technical Science and Technology Series

Forecasting Model of Non-Scheduled Passenger Air Transportation in Fuzzy Approach

2024-11-08T06:37:07+00:00

In this paper, we delve into the conceptual underpinnings of fuzzy logic and its applicability to forecasting within the context of non-scheduled passenger air transportation. We review relevant literature, highlighting the limitations of traditional forecasting techniques and the rationale for adopting a fuzzy approach. Additionally, we outline the methodology employed in developing the proposed fuzzy forecasting model, emphasizing its adaptability to evolving operational conditions and its potential to enhance decision-making processes within the aviation industry. In the conducted research, a new method of building a forecasting model using a fuzzy approach was proposed for the time series of non-scheduled passenger air transportation with intra- series multiplicative changes. The method is based on the use of membership functions in the calculation of forecast values based on statistical indicators of intra-row changes. In regular air transportation, the intra-series changes of statistical indicators of time series are stable. On charter flights, these changes are unstable. This is due to the strong random effects of external factors (a sudden increase in demand for flights, economic changes, etc.) on the formation of charter flights. For this reason, the application of models based on trend changes does not give good enough results when building forecast models in charter air transportation. Therefore, to solve the problem, we propose to build the forecasting model of non-scheduled passenger air transportation using a fuzzy approach. The researched method was checked based on the actual data of the time series of charter flights. The obtained results were compared with classical forecasting models (ARIMA, Fine, Medium, and Coarse SVM), and it was noted that the results were obtained within acceptable limits.

The main features of an eco-city in Kazakhstan: development prospects

2024-10-30T18:48:58+00:00

This article is devoted to the prospects of construction and development of an eco-city in Kazakhstan. The mixed research method was chosen as the most effective for a diverse review. The objective is to identify the main features of an eco-city on the territory of Kazakhstan. The task is to theoretically identify the main features of an eco-city in Kazakhstan with its future development prospects. The construction system, city infrastructure, and landscape design are analyzed. Based on the conducted research, the authors have identified and justified the need to improve the design and research activities of construction. The importance of choosing a territory is described. The principles and qualities of the territory when choosing a place for construction are presented. The conclusion is made about the importance of preserving the ecological environment of the territory during construction. Environmental conservation methods and their importance are described. It also describes the impact of construction on the state of the air, its impact on human health and the environment. An experimental study was conducted and the results of a survey were presented, the purpose of which was to identify the ecological situation of Kazakhstan and the project of the future eco-city. The research shows that urban development is a priority area for the implementation of “green” principles in the economy, along with industry, energy, transport and infrastructure, and agriculture.

Digitalization of architectural and urban planning activities in Kazakhstan: transformation of urban space

2024-12-03T02:55:04+00:00

In this article, the authors examine the impact of digitalization of architectural and urban planning activities on the transformation of urban space in Kazakhstan. The study and implementation of digital technologies in these areas, taking into account modern challenges and needs of society, can lead to significant changes in urban space and contribute to its transformation, improve design efficiency, improve the quality and safety of construction, reduce construction time and costs, improve infrastructure and to make urban space more functional and comfortable for its residents. The transformation of urban space in Kazakhstan is an important area of urban development, where digitalization can play a significant role. Transparency of processes in architectural and urban planning activities can be significantly increased thanks to information platforms and digital databases. The purpose of this article is to study modern digital technologies and their impact in the transformation of urban space. In this work, the focus is on the use of geographic information systems (GIS), building information models (BIM). In particular, the authors highlight the possibilities of using the geoportal of the state urban planning cadastre of the Republic of Kazakhstan in transforming urban space. Digital databases help increase the transparency of processes, as they provide storage and exchange of information between project participants and contribute to effective data management. The introduction of such technologies makes it possible to monitor the entire construction process, from the initial design stage to the completion of construction and operation of the facility.

Features of the architecture of fitness centers in Almaty

2024-12-06T12:50:25+00:00

This scientific article provides a comprehensive analysis of the architectural and design features of fitness centers in Almaty, focusing on the importance of these elements in creating an attractive and functional environment for sports. The study fills a gap in knowledge regarding the impact of architectural solutions on the integration of fitness centers with the urban environment and meeting the needs of various population groups. The study used qualitative methods such as the analysis of surveys, visual inspections and user reviews, the data of which were processed using thematic and content analysis methods. The main findings show that integration with the urban environment and the use of innovative technologies significantly affect the attractiveness and popularity of fitness centers. The results obtained can be used to develop new projects of fitness centers that contribute to improving the quality of life of the urban population and sustainable development of the urban environment.

Architectural and planning methods of formation of the evolution of educational organizations in Russia in the 20th century

2024-11-18T09:50:51+00:00

The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the architectural and planning methods used to develop comprehensive educational institutions in Russia during the 20th century. Drawing on historical records, educational policies, and architectural advancements, the study examines the evolution of school building designs, zoning and planning strategies, integration of natural elements, standardization and mass production techniques, and experimental approaches. The findings underscore the dynamic nature of educational architecture and planning, reflecting the evolving educational landscape and societal needs. The article concludes with an evaluation of the impact of these methods on the development of the Russian education system and the architectural planning of schools.

Аpproach for determination of geometric parameters of new oval design of rotor in innovative rotor-vibration type of mills

2024-12-05T20:27:42+00:00

The principal disadvantages of mills utilised for fine and ultrafine grinding processes are the restricted product fineness and the low energy efficiency. As a solution of the problem, new principle of the grinding process and innovative design of rotor-vibration type of mill are proposed. The mill design is based on the Rebinder effect, which serves to reduce the particles strength and, consequently, increasing product fineness and energy efficiency. As an example of the rotor-vibration type of mill, the design including oval rotor, grinding media, vibration drive with spring elements is presented in the paper. The originality of the mill design is the oval shape of the rotor. However, due to the originality of the shape of oval rotor, there are no approaches to determining the geometric parameters of the rotor (major and minor semi-axis, height). Consequently, an approach is presented for determining the geometric parameters of a new oval-shaped rotor design in innovative rotary-vibratory type mills. The research results can be used in the design process of new mill designs based on rotor-vibration method of fine and ultrafine comminution.

Civil aviation and its impact on the country's economy

2024-12-03T03:31:03+00:00

Civil aviation plays a key role in the modern global economy, providing connectivity between countries and cities, stimulating tourism, trade and business. This article examines the impact of civil aviation on the country's economy, as well as the benefits it brings. Civil aviation contributes to the development of tourism, making it more accessible and attractive due to convenient flights. The influx of tourists increases the demand for hotels, restaurants, transport and entertainment, which leads to the growth of the tourism industry and the creation of new jobs.

Civil aviation also facilitates international trade by providing fast and efficient delivery of goods, which contributes to the expansion of world markets and an increase in international trade. It maintains business relationships, allowing businessmen to easily make business trips and establish international connections The development of the aviation industry, including aircraft manufacturing and maintenance, as well as airport infrastructure, creates jobs and attracts investment.

Examples from the United States, Qatar and China demonstrate how civil aviation contributes to economic growth and development. Investments in aviation infrastructure and education play an important role in maintaining and developing this industry. Civil aviation stimulates the economy through tourism, trade, business and innovation, making it an important engine of economic development.

Fire control and information protection in the communication of received signals using unmanned aerial vehicles

2024-11-06T05:39:04+00:00

This article describes the information protection of the fire monitoring and communication system by equipping unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) with touch sensors. Since the UAV is equipped with touch sensors, fire control provides for the transmission of signals from sensors to the center and information protection of its communication system. Effective methods of control and management of forest fires and other types of fires with an increase in risks associated with environmental disasters are shown. This makes the UAV an indispensable tool in controlling fires. However, the use of these technologies carries the risk of data loss and communication disruption. The article analyzes modern approaches to the integration of information transmission security and a sensor data management system, including encryption, authentication and protection against cyber attacks. Recommendations are given on the creation of a comprehensive protection of the communication system, which will improve the reliability and efficiency of management in a crisis. The basic principles of the UAV system functioning are described, including decision-making algorithms and coordination of actions of several unmanned aerial vehicles in one network. The methods of route optimization and improving the efficiency of tasks are considered. In addition, the effectiveness of monitoring forest fires by equipping unmanned aerial vehicles with sensor sensors is emphasized. An intelligent control system for an integrated UAV software package is given. The methods of algorithmic encryption of a reliable mechanism for ensuring the security of ChaCha20 data transmission in control using the UAV audio signal are proposed.

Modelling the stress-strain state of tool during the milling of hard-to-machine materials

2024-10-19T04:06:40+00:00

This study examines the sequence of studying the stress-strain state of end mills during the machining of heat-resistant, high-alloy steel 15Kh12VMF. The study involves several stages: the creation a 3D model of the end mill, the assignment material properties, the partitioning of the geometry into finite elements, the setting of boundary conditions, and the analysis of the solution results. The components of the cutting forces are applied to the immediate contact area of the helical cutting edge with the workpiece, while the torque is applied about the cutter axis. Both the cutting force components and the torque are calculated for critical cutting conditions. The results of the strength calculations can be utilised in end mill design optimisation.

Оrganization of spatial structure of cities on the basis of architectural design code on the example of almaty city

2024-11-11T10:16:55+00:00

This article explores the problem of organizing the spatial structure of cities and solving this problem with the help of architectural design codes, such as the city of Almaty. The issues of the illumination of principles and design approaches to create a harmonious urban environment, the development of algorithms, and the implementation of architectural design codes present the problems of the organization of the architectural and urban planning environment, as in the example of the city of Almaty. The article is based on research conducted in Almaty, Kazakhstan's significant economic and cultural center. The article presents an approach based on architectural design code as a tool to overcome the difficulties in planning and development of the urban environment. The article discusses the basic principles in developing architectural design codes for urban environments. Special attention is paid to creating a unique identity for the city, ensuring sustainability and accessibility of urban spaces, and creating a balance between modernity and preservation of cultural heritage.

Aspects of the historical transformation of the residential environment (based on the example of Astana city)

2024-11-30T04:41:31+00:00

Urbanized spaces are evolving to meet societal needs, with residential structures being a crucial component of cities, including typological groups, complexes, blocks, and neighborhoods. Changes in the residential environment are a crucial aspect of urban and societal development. Transforming residential environments is directly linked to the dynamic modernization of cultural living standards. Historically established residential areas and buildings are undergoing renovation and adaptation to meet new city demands, involving physical changes, socio-cultural, economic, and environmental aspects.

The proposed article focuses on uncovering the transformation features of a specific period in the historical development of residential spaces. The research is based on the study and analysis of historically established spaces and reviews of theoretical perspectives by domestic and international scholars. It emphasizes the spatiotemporal and socio-environmental aspects of synthesizing transformed spaces.

In this context, the article addresses issues of transforming urban territorial units during the historical formation of spatial changes in the environment over a specific period. The study considers matters within the temporal framework of the late XXth and early XXIst centuries, with the aim of identifying the features of Akmola, the modern city of Astana, and the ways in which residential structures are undergoing transformation.

Digital transformation of the transport industry: analysis of opportunities and risks

2024-11-06T11:35:16+00:00

In the article, by analyzing the current state of the digitalization process of the transport industry and assessing the results of a survey of experts, the degree of impact of artificial intelligence on the business processes of companies is revealed.

The study of institutional and technological changes in the field of international transport corridors is reflected in this article. Information on the state and main trends of digital transformation of corridors is systematized, their ecosystem is analyzed, stakeholders and drivers of digitalization of the transport industry are identified. In this regard, the proper implementation of UN standards for the unification of infrastructure, digitalization of business processes to simplify transportation and transit requires the active participation of subjects of transport corridors.

The questionnaire developed by the authors of this article to survey the degree of impact of artificial intelligence on the operating technology of transport companies made it possible to assess not only the benefits of introducing artificial intelligence, but also possible risks.

Using SWOT analysis, the consequences of introducing artificial intelligence at both the micro-logistics and macro-logistics levels of companies’ functioning were studied. Based on the studied data, the main directions of action that transport market entities should follow to increase the level of digitalization of the industry have been identified.

The methodology of experimental studies of the excavator working tool aimed at improving the efficiency of excavation in hydraulic engineering

2024-12-03T09:54:09+00:00

The article provides a methodology of experimental studies of the working tool of an excavator, aimed at improving the efficiency of earthworks in hydraulic engineering construction. Based on a priori information and research experiments, the program and methodology of research are defined, the factors themselves, their levels and intervals of variable factors, The planning and processing matrices of physical modelling experiments and field studies have been created.

For laboratory studies, an existing ground channel is used. For future extensive studies, a new annular ground channel with an extended range of cinematic and technological parameters and stands for the physical simulation of new working organs and their elements have been created. New working organ models with scale justification, special tensometric trolley, tensometric links for measuring the parameters of physical modelling processes, tensofingers - for studying the real samples of working organs, field equipment and machines.

The results of experiments with a bucket on a physical modelling stand allowed to obtain graphical dependence of energy intensity E of the digging process with self-changing shape of the edge in the function of ground supply S, the pre-compression force of the spring Fpr, depth of dig h and cutting speed vr. The minimum optimization performed for this bucket showed that the greatest efficiency in terms of energy consumption of digging the soil can be achieved with the following values of variable factors: feed of soil S = 5 mm; depth of digging h = 0.3... 0.5 m; cutting speed v_p=0.13... 0.17 m/s and spring pre-compression force F=30...50 N.

Clustering of microclimate parameters: methods and mathematical characteristics

2024-11-06T04:50:11+00:00

Currently, the control and analysis of the parameters of the microclimate plays a particularly important role in various fields, including production, laboratory work and Environmental Research. Microclimate parameters — temperature, humidity, air pressure and other physical indicators-are of great importance in determining the efficiency of production processes and product quality.

When working with large amounts of data, especially when analyzing microclimatic data, which is characterized by a large number of dimensions and parameters, clustering methods acquire particular importance. Clustering is the process of dividing data into groups or clusters based on similarities and differences within them. Such methods, including such as DBSCAN (Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise), can help detect anomalies in the data and detect malfunctions or violations in the operation of the system.

This article discusses the methods used for clustering microclimate parameters and their mathematical models. The features and advantages of the DBSCAN method are analyzed, as well as its effectiveness in identifying clusters and anomalies in microclimatic data. The article will give specific examples of using the DBSCAN method, with the help of which mathematical formulas and calculations are proposed for the effective analysis and management of microclimate parameters.

By deepening the understanding of the mathematical foundations of clustering methods and their role in the analysis of microclimate parameters, we strive to offer new approaches and solutions in the management and optimization of microclimate systems.

Main problems of urban planning of Astana city (in the context of K. Kurokawa's master plan)

2024-12-03T09:57:15+00:00

Urban planning of territories is inextricably linked with the socio-economic needs of the population, trends in the development of settlements, changes in the population, the class and status of cities, and the economic specialization of territories. Incorrect and ill-conceived urban planning inevitably leads to ensuing problems, including the lack of a comfortable living environment for the population, transport congestion, increased air pollution, depletion of natural resources, unequal access of the population to infrastructure facilities, etc. These problems have been formed for decades and require an immediate scientific and practically reasonable solution with the formation of a modern model of urban planning model for the development of a settlement. In the Republic of Kazakhstan, the main document regulating the development and development of the territory is the master plan of the settlement. The first general plan of the capital of Kazakhstan has become fundamental in determining the planning structure and current development of the city of Astana. Despite the inherent principles of metabolism and symbiosis in the development of the country's main city, the city project had vulnerabilities, including the lack of a comprehensive pre-project analysis of the territory, an incorrect assessment of the rate of development of the population, imbalances in the territorial development of the city, etc. During the study, a comprehensive method was used, including data collection, analysis of scientific works, literary sources in the field of project documentation development, work was carried out with the expert community and other stakeholders. Based on the analysis, scientifically based proposals for the development of city projects in the context of the city of Astana were formed.

Study of physical and mechanical properties of the deposited layer of necks of cast-iron crankshafts

2024-11-21T05:12:27+00:00

Currently, foreign cars use cast iron crankshafts, the restoration of which creates difficulties due to the peculiarities of high-strength cast iron. Therefore, the development of a method for restoring cast iron crankshafts of automobile engines is currently an urgent task. The solution of this problem will make it possible to improve highly efficient technologies for restoring crankshafts, as well as to expand the field of scientific knowledge on the theory and practice of using a surfacing method with high energy indicators.

This article presents the technology of restoring worn-out necks of cast-iron crankshafts using an arc created from metal powders and 15 GSTYUCA wire, which ensures the wear resistance and strength of crankshaft necks.

In addition, the results of metallographic studies of the structure of the deposited layer and the transition zone to the base metal of the necks of the restored shafts are given. A comprehensive check of the microstructure of the deposited metal and its strength characteristics was carried out.

Experimental Study on Brushless Motor Control Using MPU6050

2024-12-03T10:33:15+00:00

This article discusses the issues of controlling the A2212/13T brushless motor by the MPU6050 module, which serves to stabilize the flight of a small-sized unmanned aerial vehicle. A brief summary of the design of this type of aircraft is given, as well as the placement of hardware and propulsion systems in it. Experimental studies were conducted to implement the hardware with brushless motors. To implement engine control, a circuit was initially created for connecting the Atmega328 microcontroller to the MPU6050 module, which is an accelerometer-gyroscope sensor and firmware using the FDTI programmer. The operating principle of this module and its connection are briefly described. Raw data taken from the accelerometer and gyroscope in real time were obtained, a Kalman filter was applied to this data for processing them, an algorithm for controlling the engine depending on the module rotation angle was compiled. Based on the results obtained, the dependences of the module rotation angle on the pulse width emanating from the microcontroller were determined for the first time. It was found that when the module is tilted at an angle from 0 to 40 degrees, the pulse width changes from 300 to ~750 µs.

Modern types of machine vision for vehicle inspection

2024-12-12T11:29:00+00:00

In this scientific article, modern types of machine vision are examined, which are widely used in the process of inspecting vehicles at various stages of their production and operation. Machine vision serves as an important tool that enhances the quality and safety of vehicles, as well as optimizes production processes. The article discusses key technologies such as lighting technologies that provide the necessary illumination for accurate image analysis, as well as image processing, which allows for the extraction of useful information from visual data.

Additionally, special attention is given to machine learning algorithms that enable machine vision systems to adapt and improve their accuracy over time. Stereovision, as a method, is also considered in the context of creating three-dimensional models of objects, significantly increasing the accuracy of defect detection. The article emphasizes automated quality control methods, including the use of high-resolution cameras capable of detecting defects, damages, and discrepancies in the design and finish of vehicles. These technologies play a crucial role in ensuring high standards of quality and reliability in vehicles, which, in turn, contributes to increasing consumer trust in manufacturers.

Methodology for constructing a global stiffness matrix for solving stress-strain problems of structures using the finite element method

2024-12-12T11:33:09+00:00

The article discusses methods for constructing a stiffness matrix of systems based on finite element stiffness matrices. One of the effective ways to regularly sample the calculated area is described, which allows you to more accurately take into account external loads, including gravity. Formulas are provided for calculating nodal loads and their relationships in the context of spatial modeling. The features of node numbering and addressing of global stiffness matrix elements are also discussed, which provides an adequate model for analyzing the stress-strain state of structures. Application of proposed method makes it possible to effectively determine reactions of road pavement structures to loads from vehicles.

Еrosion damage under pulsed drop-impact loadings

2024-10-19T04:29:49+00:00

Material behavior under impulse drop-impact loading is considered. The process of interaction of the drop with the surface of the barrier is described. The most stressed areas capable of fracture are revealed. The hydraulic pressure acting on the contact surface is shown. The processes occurring at impact of part of the liquid with a material are described step by step. At the first stage, stress and strain waves appear in the material and in part of the liquid. Further drops of liquid embed into the barrier and their depth of embedding depends on the ratio of the power of external impact to the power of deformation of the material corresponding to its destruction. During the third stage, shock wave attenuation in the material and inertial expansion of the crater occur.

Under shock loading conditions, when shear stresses are greater than the yield criterion, a plastic wave appears in the material, the speed of which is not constant and depends on the features of strain hardening of micro-volumes of the material. The change in the velocity of this plastic wave is taken into account by the critical impact velocity - an integral characteristic responsible for deformation of the material up to fracture.

A dynamic characteristic, such as the critical value of strain power density or the critical value of strain energy density, characterizing the energy content of materials under external impact and their rate response to the strain is proposed.

Recycling in the logistics management system

2024-12-11T19:37:55+00:00

The application of recycling in the logistics management system will make it possible to create and maintain an effective and sustainable waste management system that will allow waste to be used as secondary raw materials or energy, instead of being thrown into landfills. The entities involved in the recycling process are manufacturers, importers, and trading institutions that introduce recycled goods to the market.The study used statistical analysis, systems analysis, synthesis, generalization, comparison, and analysis of literary sources.

The problem of waste disposal is currently one of the most pressing in the world. Industrial waste is formed as a result of human production activities in various industries. Recycling, which is the repeated transformation of substances or materials contained in industrial waste, is designed to solve waste disposal problems in order to obtain a substance or material with a primary or other purpose.The considered processes of utilization and recycling of waste of enterprises are only a part of the problems existing in this area. The scale of environmental projects is quite extensive, and logistics is featured everywhere, since logistics is based on the principle of rational use of resources.

Рrovider of qualification verification: experience in calculating the attributed significance in the construction industry

2024-12-12T11:51:45+00:00

Accredited technical laboratories are responsible not only for conducting certification tests to ensure the quality of construction products, but also for participating in continuous quality control during facility construction. An important factor in ensuring the validity of results is the expertise of the experts performing the tests. This article describes the requirements for accredited laboratories and providers of qualification verification for interlaboratory comparison tests. It also discusses the organization of these tests and the options for assigning values to construction industry testing laboratories and qualification verification providers. An algorithm for calculating the robust arithmetic mean to determine the assigned value is presented. Recommended methods for determining the assigned value are considered, depending on the product and the parameter being determined, as well as the number of samples required and the possibility for further use. Examples of determining the assigned value using different methods of calculation are provided. Recommendations are made on choosing the method for determining the assigned value based on the specific nature of tests and the characteristics of construction industry equipment.

Designing a master degree program in building information modeling (BIM) using national professional standards: a case study in Kazakhstan

2024-12-10T06:08:39+00:00

This article presents the design of a master degree program focused on "Building Information Modeling (BIM) Technologies in Architecture, Engineering & Construction (AEC)" in Kazakhstan. The demand for such a program arises from the scarcity of qualified professionals proficient in BIM implementation, both in Kazakhstan and worldwide. The proposed method utilizes national professional standards as a reliable source of essential competencies. These professional standards aim to foster collaboration between higher education institutions, the government, and AEC companies. The design process incorporates various methods, including an indexation system to track each requirement from the standards throughout the program, multicriteria analysis for selecting appropriate competencies, and the implementation of a cognitive levels taxonomy to structure the program effectively.

The risks of triviality in the architecture of modern residential complexes (in the example of Astana)

2024-12-11T18:43:52+00:00

In recent decades, there has been an active construction of new buildings in Kazakhstan. The objects being built have a different play of volumes and shapes. Development activity dictates modern trends in the field of architectural and planning solutions of buildings. But not all trends are positive. The purpose of the article is to analyze the risks of the trend of triviality in modern architecture of Kazakhstan, in particular the trend of simplification of spatial solutions of buildings, as well as the influence of the developer on the development of triviality of architecture in general. In addition to the above, the study reflects the conditions and factors influencing the emergence of simple block forms in the volume of the structure of modern architecture in Kazakhstan. The study is based on the analysis of the emergence of triviality in the architecture of the USSR in the middle of the twentieth century, on a full-scale study of the modern architecture of residential buildings in Astana and modeling the formation of a three-dimensional solution of residential complexes. The results show that the process of triviality in the architecture of buildings is caused by the following factors: development activities, aggressive marketing and economic conditions.

Development of an automatic temperature control system for vacuum freeze-drying based on the identification of object parameters

2024-12-07T04:39:13+00:00

The article is devoted to the study of control methods for milk drying process, with special attention to the selection of optimal regulators based on data and parametric identification of the object. Various approaches to improve the accuracy and efficiency of the control system are considered, allowing it to be adapted to changing production conditions. The main emphasis is placed on parametric identification using temperature data to more accurately model the dynamics of the drying process. This allows the development of more efficient controllers that provide stable process control and reduced energy consumption. The presented results show that the proposed methods improve the quality of the final product and optimize the energy consumption. The study makes a significant contribution to the field of process optimization in the dairy industry, offering state-of-the-art solutions for production-specific control. These findings contribute to the competitiveness and sustainability of enterprises in this industry.

Small modular reactor. Its place in the energy system of Kazakhstan

2024-11-30T05:17:53+00:00

Kazakhstan’s energy sector is facing significant challenges, including a high level of pollution caused by coal combustion, electricity shortages, and deterioration of energy station equipment. The solution lies in the construction of nuclear power plants and the development of power grids, which open up opportunities for the development of small modular reactors as a clean and reliable source of electric power.

Many countries express their huge interest in small modular reactors due to their desire to reduce capital expenses and their potential to integrate into power systems with lower capacity.

The energy system of Kazakhstan consists of 3 zones: Northern, Southern and Western. The western zone operates in isolation from the Unified Energy Network of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Considering that the entire oil and gas sector is located in this region, it is necessary to ensure stable operation of the electricity supply to the subjects. An analysis of the energy balance of the West shows that existing capacities in the future are not able to cover growing needs. [1]. Thus, the lack of an alternative to the construction of energy sources using hydrocarbon raw materials due to the need to reduce the carbon footprint,, as well as the prospect of joining the Western zone to the Unified Energy System of the Republic of Kazakhstan, makes it possible to use power units with a capacity of more than 300 MW, which will ensure uninterrupted power supply to the region and cover the deficit of the energy system.

The authors of the article consider the project “Carbon-free energy complex,” which involves the construction of a renewable energy complex - wind and solar power plants combined with a nuclear power plant based on small modular reactors and the use of energy storage systems.

The review will examine the advantages and disadvantages of SMR, RES, energy storage and Smart Grid projects, as well as the feasibility and feasibility of implementing the “Carbon-Free Energy Complex” project in Kazakhstan.