Bulletin of L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University Technical Science and Technology Series

Method of calculation of dynamic strength of frame structures of locomotives of complex configuration for transport engineering

2025-03-26T17:16:33+00:00

This article proposes a new generalized analytical and numerical method for calculating the dynamic strength of the load-bearing frame of a locomotive frame of complex configuration, assuming its vibrations according to a beam-type scheme with elastic pinching of the ends under the action of a harmonic load, when an electric locomotive is moving along a track with periodic butt irregularities, at increased speeds.

The following is a calculation algorithm and a flowchart for modeling the stress-strain state of the load-bearing frame of a locomotive frame of complex configuration in the form of an elastic rod of variable cross-section with variable mass, bending and longitudinal stiffness.

The results of a numerical study on the stress-strain state of the load-bearing frame of the locomotive body frame are presented, taking into account the installation of reinforcing linings during modernization, and the results of a mathematical model of the locomotive body frame of complex configuration are compared with a model constructed using the finite element method in the Solid Works software product.

Taking into account the results of experimental studies during full-scale dynamic tests of truck frames and main body frames of VL-80s electric locomotives when moving along a rail track under various loading conditions, a scientific justification is being carried out for the modernization of truck frames and main body frames of this type of locomotive during major repairs.

An engineering method of analytical and numerical calculation is proposed, which allows for quasi-static and dynamic modeling of the stress-strain state of the main body frame and locomotive bogie frames with an upgraded reinforced load-bearing frame, based on numerical calculation programs for which 2 certificates of official registration of the computer program of the Republic of Uzbekistan have been obtained (No. DGU 07664, 04/31/2020 and No. DGU 10286 dated 02/24/2021).

Competence model of an aviation specialist

2025-02-27T06:09:03+00:00

This article examines the competence model of an aviation specialist, consisting of several key components: technical knowledge, practical experience, communication and analytical skills, managerial expertise and an emphasis on continuous learning. Technical knowledge includes an understanding of aviation systems, aerodynamics, flight mechanics and relevant safety standards. Practical experience covers working with equipment, participating in maintenance and repair, as well as working with databases and software. Communication skills are necessary for effective interaction with the team and clients, presentation of technical information and writing reports. Analytical skills are important for data analysis and problem solving, while management expertise includes the organization of work processes and project management. Educational programs must meet international standards and requirements, providing students with up-to-date knowledge and skills for a successful career in the aviation industry. It is important to take into account current technological trends and the changing needs of the industry in order to maintain a high level of professional training. Students must also be able to adapt to new challenges and requirements in order to be competitive in the global aviation job market. Constant self-development helps specialists stay relevant.

Development of a Mobile Application for the Detection and Notification of Road Accidents

2024-12-12T11:04:48+00:00

For the last few decades, road accidents have been experienced at an exponential rate across the globe hence the need for efficient emergency response systems. However, the current conventional car accident detection systems lack the ability to be installed in ordinary car brands and are exclusively costly. Mobile disaster alert applications provide one example using smartphone application to alert the disaster response services. This systematic review examines the latest developments in the field of mobile applications for traffic safety alerts, focusing on their potential in terms of emergency response time and improving user convenience. The main purpose of this review is to evaluate the effectiveness of mobile accident warning applications and their usability. Studies from academic databases, including Google Scholar, Scopus, JSTORE, and IEEE Xplore, published since 2010 were reviewed. Inclusion criteria included studies that examined mobile-based applications for road safety, with a focus on real-time notification and usability testing. The results indicate that mobile alert applications can significantly improve emergency response times, especially when equipped with automated notification. This work contributes to the field of public safety by emphasizing the accessibility and scalability of mobile road safety solutions, and by highlighting areas for improvement in usability and reliability.

Аnalysis of methods of architectural and spatial adaptation of industrial enterprises to the environmental requirements of the modern urban environment

2025-02-14T14:47:39+00:00

This article discusses the issues of improving the quality parameters of industrial areas with the liquidation or preservation of their functional purpose. The research methodology includes an analysis of methods for the reconstruction of industrial buildings in domestic context, on the example of Almaty, and foreign practice, with the example of Germany and Poland. The current ideology underlying today the architecture of such structures and ways of effective and harmonious integration of utilitarian industrial objects into the urban environment are considered. The analysis is carried out according to the urban planning, functional and compositional characteristics of industrial facilities using a multifactorial comparison method. Different approaches to architectural and spatial adaptation, such as preservation, renovation, and reconstruction are analysed. The article notes that the choice of adaptation method depends on a number of factors, including the condition of the object, historical and architectural value, and the intended purpose of the object after renovation. The promising development of industrial architecture lies in its possible and rapid adaptation to developing technologies. The article is of interest to architects, urban planners, as well as for all those who are interested in the issues of renovation of industrial facilities. For the renovation of industrial facilities, it is necessary to clearly establish the stages of adaptation of industrial facilities.

Calculation of the stress-strain state of an element of an underground oil pipeline, taking into account the appearance of an overpressure wave

2025-02-27T06:25:24+00:00

At present, a large number of extended pipeline systems are operated in our country, which are designed for pumping energy resources. Improving the reliability of these pipelines is one of the most important tasks during the operation period. Operational regimes of oil pumping, both through main and field pipelines, provide for a change in pumping capacity, emergency shutdowns of pumping equipment, unauthorized blocking of the flow as a result of closing valves. Such events lead to the occurrence of hydraulic shock in the pipeline and its influence on the strength characteristics of pipes, which can have different material designs.

In this regard, the consideration of issues related to the influence of hydraulic shock on the strength characteristics of the pipeline is very relevant in our time.

This article is devoted to the study of the stress-strain state of an element of an underground oil pipeline, taking into account the occurrence of an overpressure wave. The paper presents calculation methods that make it possible to evaluate the effect of an overpressure wave on the structural elements of a pipeline in an underground environment. The factors influencing the dynamics of deformations and stresses in pipeline materials under various operating conditions are considered.

The analysis of the results of numerical calculations is presented, demonstrating the influence of the parameters of the overpressure wave on the reliability and safety of underground oil pipelines. The findings can be used to optimize the design and operation of pipeline systems under variable loads, thus helping to increase the resilience of the infrastructure and reduce the risk of accidents.

Method of increasing systematic errors in constructing correct polygons

2025-02-19T08:36:45+00:00

The study examines the problem of non-multiplicity of systematic errors in geometric constructions of regular polygons. Systematic errors resulting from the inaccuracy of drawing tools, limitations arising from user inexperience, and the presence of errors in geometric constructions significantly affect the accuracy of geometric tasks. This study suggests a new approach that includes the principles of geometric progression to reduce these errors and avoid multiplying repetitive systematic errors, offering an optimal solution to this problem to achieve highly accurate results.

The methodology proposed in the article includes an analysis of systematic errors in the construction of regular polygons, optimization of the construction stages, and reasoned analysis using manual drawing. The main innovations include dividing circles into equal parts, ensuring the accuracy of geometric constructions. The analysis presented by the scheme confirms the reliability of the methods, reducing deviations from theoretical values.

The results show an approximate value of the regular polygons [7(3,4); 9(4,5); 13(6,7)] The effectiveness of the proposed method in geometric light construction is expressed by solving problems. These methods are universal and redefine long-standing problems of geometric constructions, as well as expand the fundamental work of mathematicians such as Al-Farabi and Gauss.

Studying the effect of the electrolyte-plasma modification on the fatigue strength of the KamAZ-740 crankshaft after overhaul using finite element modeling

2025-03-04T10:38:00+00:00

During the crankshaft overhaul, a hardened material layer is removed from the journal's surface. The resource and mechanical properties of such an engine have been shown to be considerably reduced when compared to the new one. The study proposes a method of electrolyte-plasma modification of the surface of the repaired journals of the KamAZ-740 crankshaft made of chromium-molybdenum-vanadium steel 42CrMoVA TU 14-1-5083-91 (analog AISI 4140) to restore and improve fatigue strength. The crankshaft was destroyed after overhaul and had a fatigue crack on the surface of the crankpin journal, which was examined. The microstructure revealed the formation of a phase of high-carbon martensite on the surface of the modified sample, as well as inclusions of carbides of alloying elements (Cr, Mo, V), and cementite (Fe₃C). Microhardness analysis of the samples using the Vickers method showed an increase in surface hardness from 356...380 HV (initial structure) to 592...624 HV (after modification). The behavior of the KamAZ-740 crankshaft when exposed to cyclic operating loads was modeled using the finite element method in the ANSYS Mechanical analysis software. The analysis showed that the greatest stresses of 91.673 MPa occur in the bearing fillets of the crankpin journal, and the maximum values of deformation of the neck body reach 11.829 microns. It was found that the ground crankshaft, without surface hardening, has a reduced number of operating cycles up to 163070, but after surface electrolyte-plasma modification, it can operate for an unlimited number of cycles. The method of electrolyte-plasma modification of the surface of the crankshaft journals makes it possible to increase the safety margin by 18... 38%. The results of this study are of practical importance for improving the quality of overhaul of steel crankshafts of diesel and gasoline engines and extending their service life.

Historical analyses of the architectural formation of higher education institutions

2025-03-04T10:51:29+00:00

The article is devoted to the historical analysis of the architecture of buildings of higher education institutions from early antique prototypes to modern higher schools. The study examines architectural solutions that have had a significant influence on the formation of the architecture of educational institutions in different countries of the world and in different periods. The influence of cultural, economic and political factors on the design of higher education institutions is also emphasised. The study highlights key stages in the development of the architecture of educational institutions, from early monastic schools and Renaissance universities to large-scale construction in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, showing how design approaches changed in response to changes in the educational system, functional and aesthetic preferences.

Particular attention is paid to the transformation of learning spaces associated with the evolution of educational methodologies, as well as to the relationship of the architecture of educational institutions to general trends in urban planning and the style characteristics of different historical periods. The study emphasises how the architecture of educational institutions contributes to the creation of an optimal environment for intellectual growth and the formation of a cohesive student community, as well as how it reflects the underlying processes of historical development, cultural values and educational ideals of different eras.

Аdaptation of the principle of architectural design code for the coloristic organization of facades of residential areas on the example of Аlmaty

2025-03-05T07:33:53+00:00

Active urbanization processes are increasingly influencing the architectural appearance of cities. The need to develop a comprehensive strategy for improving comfortable urban spaces arises from the low quality of life of the population and the unfavorable architectural appearance of cities. This highlights the importance of adopting one of the key strategic tasks at the present stage—the development of an architectural design code for all regions of Kazakhstan.

Modern cities face numerous challenges in ensuring sustainable development, preserving cultural heritage, and creating a comfortable urban environment. Elements such as facades, recreational areas, small architectural forms, and advertising play a crucial role in shaping a cohesive city image. Thus, it is important to note that the architectural design code—a set of regulations governing the construction and development of the urban environment based on specific rules and standards—will become one of the key approaches to addressing these issues.

This article will analyze the facades of residential areas in Almaty, providing an accurate basis for identifying further directions for urban development.

Studies of fatigue strength of cast-iron crankshafts restored by wide-layer surfacing

2025-03-17T05:17:50+00:00

Currently, cast iron crankshafts are used in foreign cars, the restoration of which is a difficult task due to the characteristics of high-strength cast iron. The article presented for publication is devoted to topical issues of fatigue strength research of restored cast iron crankshafts. The process of restoring the crankshaft, associated with intensive movement of dislocations or with the closure of worn shaft necks when heated to high temperatures, can cause changes in the microstructure of the material, which, in turn, leads to a decrease in abrasion strength.

The results of numerous studies have shown that parts restored using surfacing processes significantly lose fatigue strength, especially under conditions of variable loads. Therefore, for a cast-iron crankshaft operating under heavy loads and restored by surfacing, conducting strength tests is mandatory.

Digital national microprocessor-based semi-automatic interlocking system to increase railroad capacity in Kazakhstan

2025-02-27T14:55:30+00:00

The article deals with the current problems arising at railway stations due to the wear and tear of equipment, increasing traffic load and growing number of accidents. Analysis of the state of signaling, centralization and interlocking systems has shown that their physical wear and tear significantly exceeds permissible norms and can lead to a decrease in train traffic safety and throughput capacity.

The use of outdated, poorly integrated systems and high dependence on vendor suppliers require the transition to domestic RATS. In this regard, the development of domestically produced RATS. becomes a priority to ensure technological independence and improve production efficiency.

The article presents the indicators of RATS devices on the network of JSC “NC ‘KTZh’, a comparative analysis of the length of SIRDP and PAB operated on the main network of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the structure of the national digital MSAB system being developed and capacity calculations. Developed national digital system of MSAB on straight sections of crossings, at good condition of a way will allow to increase speed of a section up to 200 km/hour. Analysis of calculations shows that introduction of autoblocking on single-track line instead of SAB leads to increase of throughput capacity - 16,2%, introduction of autoblocking on double-track line instead of SAB leads to increase of throughput capacity - 202,5%, replacement of semi-automatic blocking by automatic blocking will increase throughput capacity by 3,5%.

Overview of designs and defects of railway cranes

2025-03-13T07:20:30+00:00

This article discusses the main structures and operating principles of railway cranes, as well as their common faults, and offers an analysis of fault reports related to their use. The key elements of crane constructions, including lifting mechanisms, undercarriage, booms, control systems, hydraulic devices, and safety systems, are described. The most common faults identified during operation, such as wear of structural elements, faults in control systems and hydraulic mechanisms, as well as damage due to overloading or prolonged use, are given special attention. Based on the analysis of fault reports, the main causes of failures are identified. The article highlights the importance of preventive measures, including regular maintenance and adherence to safety guidelines by operators. Collecting fault information and compiling statistics plays a crucial role and is significantly beneficial for designers, operational specialists, as well as developers and reviewers of railway crane safety regulations.

Formation of a gradient-layer structure in structural steel during plasma hardening

2024-12-07T05:12:09+00:00

The structural features of structural steel in the process of surface plasma hardening have been studied. It is shown that during rapid heating and cooling in the surface zone, a gradient-layered structure is formed, determined by various mechanisms of austenite transformation (γ→α) in the section of the hardened zone. It has been established that a diffusion-free martensitic transformation develops in the surface zone, which leads to the formation of acicular martensite. In the lower layers, the decomposition of austenite is accompanied by the process of diffusion and the further formation of a lamellar ferrite-carbide mixture of varying degrees of dispersion. It is shown that the higher the cooling rate, the more disperse the resulting ferrite-carbide mixture, the smaller the interplate distance. This leads to the fact that with an increase in the degree of dispersion, the strength characteristics (strength - σ in hardness - HB) increase, and the plastic characteristics (relative elongation - δ and contraction - ψ) decrease.

It is noted that the formation of a gradient-layered structure in the surface layer of steel makes it possible to eliminate the formation of a sharp transition boundary from martensite structures to trooste-martensitic and mixed lamellar structures (troostite, sorbite), which is one of the important factors by which contact fatigue strength can be increased steel will continue to contribute to its crack resistance.

Energy Efficiency in School Building Architecture: A Key Factor for Sustainable Development

2024-12-09T10:08:11+00:00

Modern educational institutions are forced to adapt to changes in society and new demands placed on the learning process. In this regard, architects and designers are developing innovative approaches to the design of school buildings, striving to create flexible, efficient and environmentally sustainable spaces. The article examines key trends in the architecture of school buildings aimed at increasing energy efficiency and reducing the environmental impact. The main focus is on the use of renewable energy sources, passive design, intelligent control systems, as well as building certification according to LEED and BREEAM standards. Examples of successful projects are given, such as the Primary School of Science and Biodiversity in Paris and the Cultural and Educational Center of Choarwatta, which demonstrate the importance of implementing energy-efficient technologies to create comfortable and sustainable educational spaces. In addition, innovative materials and technologies that contribute to reducing energy consumption and creating a comfortable learning environment are considered. Particular attention is paid to the role of school buildings in forming environmental awareness in students, which is an important element in the education of future generations. The significance of these processes, namely the integration of natural resources into the field of architecture for the development of environmental and economic sustainability, particularly emphasizes their importance.

Historical development of trade facilities of social infrastructure of Astana city

2025-03-05T06:29:19+00:00

In urban planning, social infrastructure facilities are an important component of city development, which affects the urban development structure. The planning structure of the city is based on the buildings of the historical center. This study is based on the study of social infrastructure facilities in the trade sphere. The purpose of the study is to consider the historical development of trade social infrastructure facilities. The relevance of the study is determined by the identification of the features of social infrastructure facilities in urban planning. The work studies and analyzes the experience of forming trade social infrastructure facilities using the example of Astana. The research methodology includes studying the historical development of service institutions in the scientific literature on the humanities and social sciences. As a result of the study, the following historical design features were identified: formation based on the historical center; formation near water resources; development at the intersection of main highways. The practical significance of the work lies in the possibility of designing these institutions taking into account these features.

Оptimization of public transport stop placement

2025-03-18T09:07:56+00:00

The article examines the study of public transport accessibility as an important tool for enhancing social integration in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Particular attention is paid to analyzing factors influencing pedestrian movement to public transport stops and passenger trips. A two-stage theoretical and experimental model of pedestrian and public transport interaction is presented, aimed at optimizing stop locations and improving transport infrastructure.

The use of the a priori ranking method of factors allows identifying the most significant ones, such as distance, approach time, pedestrian speed, and climatic conditions. The application of similarity and dimensional analysis theory helps more accurately predict system behavior under various conditions, contributing to more effective transport network planning.

Using dimensional analysis theory, a new mathematical model for justifying the locations of public transport stops is proposed. The experiment's outcome is the determination of optimal stop locations for public transport trips.

Modern technologies for monitoring waterlogged areas and their impact on infrastructure

2025-03-03T07:04:29+00:00

This review article analyzes modern technologies for monitoring waterlogged areas and their impact on infrastructure. The specificity of considered articles led to determining 5 main categories that formed the structure of the review, including water management and infrastructure solutions; data-driven monitoring and forecasting; Internet of Things (IoT); airborne and mobile technologies; analytical and computational methods. When selecting articles for review, those that offer modern solutions had an advantage, including Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Remote Sensing (RS), IoT, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV), Machine Learning (ML), and Artificial Intelligence (AI). An analysis of these solutions has been carried out and their disadvantages have been identified. The review revealed the integrated solutions provide more efficient and accurate real-time monitoring, prediction, and detection of waterlogged areas. The review highlights the importance of integrating various modern technologies to create more efficient and accurate systems for monitoring, predicting risk zones, and detecting waterlogged areas. Particular attention is paid to the application of integrated solutions such as the use of UAV with AI for flooded area estimation, IoT with AI for real-time water level monitoring, and ML with AI for flood risk prediction. An analysis of publications over the last 10 years shows a significant increase in interest in these solutions due to the increasing relevance and difficulty of waterlogging problem solutions in the face of climate change, urbanization, and extreme weather events. It is predicted that in the future such approaches will play a key role in the development of flood risk management strategies, protecting populations and infrastructure.

On the issue of forming a single framework of public spaces in Astana

2025-03-07T08:58:58+00:00

Public spaces at the present stage are key nodes of social activity and cultural enrichment of the population. In the context of globalization and urbanization, such urban hubs have become an important element for shaping the social, cultural and social identity of citizens. Today, public spaces are not just a place in the urban structure, but a network of several hub centers that form a single framework of socially significant places in the city with the aim of strengthening social unity.

The purpose of this study is to identify a single framework of public spaces using the example of the city of Astana, which is formed from isolated urban social nodes.

The study is based on an analysis of the current situation of public spaces in an urban structure, on a full-scale study of the urban situation in Astana, on an analysis of the principles of architectural and planning organization of public spaces, and also on the basis of recreating a single framework of public spaces through computer programs (a single framework of public spaces based on the linear-nodal principle).

The results of the study showed that the formation of a single framework of public spaces in the city is a complex, multifaceted system that, in the perspective of the development of a settlement, can determine the unique architectural and artistic image of the city.

Analysis of the main malfunctions of hydraulic cylinders

2025-02-18T11:45:17+00:00

Hydraulic cylinders are an integral part of hydraulic systems widely used in various industries and construction. However, they are prone to wear and leaks over time, which can lead to reduced productivity and equipment downtime.

The article focuses on the classification of hydraulic cylinder malfunctions, divided into two main groups: wear-related defects and mechanical defects. The first group includes leaks of hydraulic fluid from various areas of the cylinder, and the second group includes mechanical damage to the stem, housing, eyelets, pistons, and fasteners.

The statistical data presented in the article demonstrate the financial losses incurred by enterprises as a result of the failure of hydraulic cylinders, and thus emphasize the importance of maintaining their operability for production efficiency.

Effective repair methods are highlighted, including replacement of seals, restoration of the stem and housing, as well as measures to prevent malfunctions. It has been established that timely maintenance and the use of modern repair technologies can improve the reliability of equipment, reduce downtime and increase the efficiency of production processes.

An overview of the work on studying the interaction of rolling stock and track

2025-02-18T11:47:41+00:00

Currently, the economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan is adapted to market conditions. Therefore, the current stage of economic development in our country is accompanied by the construction of unique facilities. An example of this is the construction of modern railway tracks, unique bridge structures stretching for many kilometers, etc.

The most common is rolling stock used in difficult natural and climatic conditions in various fields and industrial facilities, in the field of construction and utilities.

The railway track and rolling stock represent a single thermodynamic system that interacts and depends on each other. The main task of studying dynamic processes in the Rolling Stock-Railway system is to determine the optimal values of this system (overall dimensions, weight, stiffness, coefficients of viscous friction, etc.), which reduce fluctuations and dynamic forces that negatively affect the reliability and strength of rolling stock and road structures.

Improving the efficiency of road use by optimizing the fleet of road vehicles

2025-03-18T10:06:20+00:00

The article describes the characteristics of the Kazakhstan railway. Including the repair of the railway. Due to the fact that the history of work on the repair of railways in Kazakhstan dates back to their inception, the article analyzes that one of the most important areas of work in the railway industry is the improvement of special rolling stock. The characteristics of the country's railway processing plants and existing processing machines in the country have been developed. A description of the current state of the railways has been compiled. There are requirements for the upper structure of the main roads. The characteristics of road repair vehicles and a description of possible major malfunctions have been compiled. The value of freight turnover by rail is given at the present time. Every year, you can see an increase in rail transport. For enterprises with Kazakhstanis, the characteristics of correctional vehicles are compiled, the number of distances is indicated. The article also provides tables of railway classification in order to improve the condition of railway tracks to increase the speed and safety of passenger and freight trains. In particular, when using siliceous ballast or ballast from a sand-siliceous mixture, the design measures of a two-layer ballast prism on an earth bed made of clay soils, shallow and dusty soils, including when laying a protective layer of the upper part of the earth bed, are shown. In general, recommendations have been developed to optimize the fleet of road vehicles for railway repairs used in Kazakhstan. The article describes the characteristics of the track machine VPO – 3000, SMD-80, ELB-4S, Duomatic 09-32 CSM, Unimat, as well as the disadvantages of transport in the process of railway repair.