Small modular reactor. Its place in the energy system of Kazakhstan

Abstract

Kazakhstan’s energy sector is facing significant challenges, including a high level of pollution caused by coal combustion, electricity shortages, and deterioration of energy station equipment. The solution lies in the construction of nuclear power plants and the development of power grids, which open up opportunities for the development of small modular reactors as a clean and reliable source of electric power.

Many countries express their huge interest in small modular reactors due to their desire to reduce capital expenses and their potential to integrate into power systems with lower capacity.

The energy system of Kazakhstan consists of 3 zones: Northern, Southern and Western. The western zone operates in isolation from the Unified Energy Network of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Considering that the entire oil and gas sector is located in this region, it is necessary to ensure stable operation of the electricity supply to the subjects. An analysis of the energy balance of the West shows that existing capacities in the future are not able to cover growing needs. [1]. Thus, the lack of an alternative to the construction of energy sources using hydrocarbon raw materials due to the need to reduce the carbon footprint,, as well as the prospect of joining the Western zone to the Unified Energy System of the Republic of Kazakhstan, makes it possible to use power units with a capacity of more than 300 MW, which will ensure uninterrupted power supply to the region and cover the deficit of the energy system.

The authors of the article consider the project “Carbon-free energy complex,” which involves the construction of a renewable energy complex - wind and solar power plants combined with a nuclear power plant based on small modular reactors  and the use of energy storage systems.

The review will examine the advantages and disadvantages of SMR, RES, energy storage and Smart Grid projects, as well as the feasibility and feasibility of implementing the “Carbon-Free Energy Complex” project in Kazakhstan.